FROLITICKS

Satirical commentary on Canadian and American current political issues

Aug 25

When Leaders Turn To Scare Tactics to Win Elections

by bcurry

As many of you are aware, the Republican National Convention (RNC) is happening this week. It is so full of positivism that it’s scary!  It would appear that Trumpism has consumed the Republican Party, once a viable and respected political entity in America. What’s worst is that although the President earlier stipulated that the RNC would be full of positivism, it has to date been anything but.  On top of which, the Trump re-election campaign has no platform for 2020, but is instead referring back to its 2016 platform.  Also, during the course of the four days of the virtual RNC, Trump in an unusual move will be speaking to his followers — as if he’s heading up some kind of cult. The only and primary onus of the entire event will be to attack Joe Biden and the Democratic Party as being out to destroy the American way of life with radical socialism and unholy devil-made policies.

This leads one to the next well defined theme that, when one cannot defend one’s policies while in government or has no real new platform to offer, then the next best thing is to employ “scare tactics”. This is exactly what the Trump campaign intends to do.  Forget the fact that the U.S. is leading the world in coronavirus deaths (over 177,000 deaths to date) and confirmed cases and that average Americans are suffering from the worst economy since the depression, Trump believes that everything is just honky-dory. Miracles will happen, right?  However, should the Democrats come into office, Trump supporters literally scream out that the American way-of-life will be destroyed, freedoms will be lost, cities will burn and crime will increase ten-fold.  One might call this “negativism” or a warning of the coming of armageddon.

Nothing has changed in Trump’s extreme style and approach to campaigning. It may even be worst this time around.  Again, he is perpetuating baseless conspiracy theories such as the one surrounding the extent of potential voter fraud in U.S. elections, particularly due to the use of mail-in voting. His most recent theory is that, if the Democrats win the election, they will have done so through electoral tampering.  Trump further claims that this is the only way that he would not be re-elected.  Perhaps he should give the American electorate a little bit more credit for their active participation in free elections.

Many leaders of undemocratic countries, Russia, Iran and Belarus to name a few, use scare tactics to remain in power. Hopefully, the U.S. 2020 elections will not go as far as the case in such countries. Simply defiling your opposition’s positions without any substantive evidence is not the way to go.  Such scare tactics should be seen for what they are — the undermining of credible debate over the important issues of the day. Failure to provide meaningful and plausible policies to voters would be an unfortunate outcome of the RNC.  Such an outcome would simply confirm that a once proud Republican Party has been swallowed up by the occult of Trumpism and left to fade away into darkness.

Donald Trump Presidential Election 2020 US US Politics

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Aug 20

Conspiracy Theories Abound Under the Trump Administration

by bcurry

Never in the past when I was studying American politics have I seen as many conspiracy theories being touted by a President and a party than under the Trump administration. First, one has the President arguing that mail-in ballots only lead to electoral fraud, without any clear evidence to back up his belief.  Unfortunately, the result has been an attempt by the administration to undermine the U.S. Postal Service in advance of the November elections through deliberate cutbacks. All this during the pandemic!

Next is the President’s expressed appreciation for the support of QAnon. The QAnon conspiracy theory is based on unfounded claims that there is a “deep state” apparatus run by political elites, business leaders and Hollywood celebrities who are also pedophiles. They are actively working against Trump.  Supporters of the Democratic Party have been described nonsensically as belonging to a satanic cult of pedophiles and cannibals.  Here we have a group comprised of conspiracy advocates that even the FBI has identified as a domestic terrorism threat.  Their theories have resulted in violence by followers.

Then there is Trump’s unsubstantiated accusation that he is saving the world from “… radical left philosophy that will destroy this country.” Again, with no substantive evidence, the President is claiming that the Biden ticket is out to implement some form of radical socialism into American society.  Nothing in the Democratic platform would substantiate such a ridiculous claim.

Finally, there was the claim by Trump’s administration that the coronavirus outbreak was the result of being released by a laboratory in China. Further investigations, including those by the World Health Organization, have proven that this conspiracy theory was not only untrue but also nonsensical.  Why would the Chinese deliberately introduce a new virus into the population which would sicken thousands and even kill thousands of people in China, while seriously damaging the Chinese economy at the same time? On the other hand, the President initially even referred to COVID-19 as a “hoax”, a belief unfortunately taken up by many of his supporters resulting in serious health consequences.

It is regrettable and a tragedy that, during a time of major economic, political and health challenges, one has a regime that is perpetuating conspiracy theories. As always, I imagine that history will be the final judge.

Donald Trump Presidential Election 2020 Social Media US

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Aug 16

Postal Service Is More Than Just Delivering Mail

by bcurry

In many rural American and Canadian communities in particular the only contact with the federal government is the local post office. People rely on the postal service to deliver their old age security cheques, medical prescriptions and devices, food stamps, and now mail-in ballots for the next American elections.  Rural community offices serve as a gathering point and source of stability, employment and a critical link to the rest of the world.  Up to now, American experts and employees believed that the Postal Service was still capable of operating as usual. However, under the Trump administration all that has changed with blatantly obvious cutbacks to the postal service under the new Postmaster General Louis DeJoy, a Republican megadonor to President Trump. Incidentally, he has no previous experience at all with any postal service. The President has argued that the purpose of Mr. DeJoy’s appointment is to make the postal service great once again — a recurring theme.

Among claims being made by employees and citizens are that postal boxes have been removed from certain key locations, mail-sorting machines were removed from processing centers, drivers are being sent out according to set schedules whether or not all of the morning’s mail is ready for them, and increasingly limits have been placed on working overtime or overtime has been eliminated. Today, citizens are complaining more about increasing delays in the receipt of mail and packages than had been the case a few months ago. This apparently is not just about the fact that the service is already short on staff because of quarantines and the coronavirus outbreak.

Instead, what it is about is the fact that the President does not want the states to rely on mail-in ballots for the election and continues to argue that, without substantive evidence of any kind, mail-in ballots lead to fraud. While nearly a quarter of Americans voted absentee or by mail in 2016, millions more are expected to mail their ballots this year because of the coronavirus crisis.  Polls have shown that two-thirds of Democratic supporters intent to vote by mail due to the pandemic compared to one-third of Republican supporters.  This could offer an advantage to Trump should there be serious delays in the receipt of mail-in ballots. Due to the recent cuts in service, the Postal Service has already warned states that it may not be able to meet their deadlines for delivering last-minute ballots.

Yes, as in Canada, the U.S. postal service has to adapt to the realities of a new era driven by major technological advances and competing delivery services. However, is this the right time to be making major changes when so many citizens, especially vulnerable persons, are even more dependent than ever on essential mail deliveries because of isolation due to the pandemic?  Or is this just another political ploy by a desperate Trump administration in advance of the upcoming elections?  Do the administration’s actions justify hurting millions of Americans, especially those in rural communities?  Perhaps there is significant danger in this tactic where many of Trump’s rural supporters may become disillusioned and either not vote altogether or vote for Democratic candidates.  Hopefully, Congress will look into the matter more closely.  Time will tell.

Coronavirus Federal Government Presidential Election 2020 US

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Aug 10

Starting in the early nineties, Americans have been divided over what is objective journalism

by bcurry

Today, where does the average American get their daily news from? Why are they dependent on one or two sources more than ever before?  Are they interested in “objective journalism” or simply seeking out opinions that confirm their biases — known as “confirmation bias”?

Today we know that people get their news from various media sources: including traditional print media such as newspapers, television and talk radio, and increasingly over internet media such as that found on Facebook and Google. These internet and non-print sources have especially hurt print newspapers.  The verifying evidence is certainly there:

  • The loss of classified ads to non-print sources has hurt newspaper advertising revenue, which dropped from $63.5 billion to $23 billion from 2000 to 2013, according to the Brookings Institution.
  • According to PewResearchCenter, by 2016 the newspaper industry’s ad revenue was nearly a third of what it was a decade before, falling to US$18 billion from US$49 billion.
  • Moreover, subscriber and advertiser revenue for traditional print journalism has been in free fall, and many think it started when newspapers offered content online for free.
  • In 1990, daily and weekly newspaper publishers employed about 455,000 people, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. By January 2016, that number had fallen to 173,000.

In the 1990s, publishing online became easy, which led to a surge of independent digital publications that produced original content while also re-reporting news from other outlets with a little bit of analysis added. This transformation has greatly affected mainstream media sources in particular.

As for television, many people are still tuning in to certain news outlets that tend to confirm their views. In June and July of this year for example, it was reported that Fox News was the highest-rated television channel in the prime-time hours of 8 to 11 p.m. Not just on cable. Not just among news networks. All of television.  Fox News ratings demonstrate the size and resilience of America’s audience for pro-Trump opinion, and the loyalty of Fox News viewers who shrug off the numerous controversies that routinely swirl around the network. Whatever news source one watches, the reality is that the press has more often than not been openly biased in one way or another.  Although actual journalists are taught to be objective, the fact of the matter is that their interpretation of the news will most often be viewed as being biased by individuals with preconceived political and social perspectives.

Indeed, the overall opinions of American journalists have worsened in recent years, as reflected in a general trend of public animosity toward journalists that bubbled up during the 2016 presidential campaign. Ivy Kaplan of the Globe Post writes, “A climate of hatred and hostility towards journalists in the United States has become significantly worse,” pointing to a sobering Reporters Without Borders report in 2018 that rated the U.S. as the sixth-most-lethal place in the world to practice journalism. Studies have found that that Republicans in particular don’t like or trust the news media.  In Canada, the same can be said about conservatives who often refer to the “liberal media” in condescending terms.

“Objective journalism” appears to depend on the preconceptions of those who interpret the news. Journalism is not just about uncovering the facts and reporting on one’s findings, it is also about how the journalist presents them.  Failure to appreciate this reality can mean the collapse of a news source if there is no longer a receptive audience.  In this age of ready access and instant media sources, people want a quick and dirty accounting and interpretation of events in some easy to access presentation.  The decline of traditional print media is just one obvious victim of this phenomenon.

Social Media US

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Aug 9

Should You Send Your Child Back to School in the U.S.? — Probably Not!

by bcurry

With over 5 million confirmed cases of coronavirus and almost 165,000 related fatalities in the U.S., the nation now stands out statistically as the leading country for the consequences of the disease. What is most alarming however is the increasing number of younger people, including children, who have tested positive for COVID-19 and have been hospitalized.  To date, of the millions of cases reported in the U.S., about 265,000 were in children 17 and under — almost 5%. Unlike what President Trump asserts, children are not “virtually immune” to the virus.

Indeed, according to a recent study by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 570 kids who tested positive were diagnosed with a rare condition, which CDC calls multisystem inflammatory syndrome. Ten of the children died as a result of the condition. What is more troubling, the CDC reported that Hispanic children were hospitalized at a rate eight times higher than white kids, and Black children were hospitalized at a rate five times higher. Some of this is attributable to children living in poverty and a lack of access to regular health-care. To date, the experts have concluded that genetics appears to have nothing to do with why some racial and ethnic groups are more likely to be infected by the virus, get seriously sick from it or die from it.

What does this all mean for the average American family? Simply put, with thousands of new confirmed cases being reported daily in the several states from California to Florida, the thought that communities are ready to send kids back to school is scary. To date, where kids have started high school for example, coronavirus outbreaks have occurred all too often.  Anecdotal evidence shared through social media has displayed a lack of physical distancing being practiced by students and school staff, no masks being worn and inappropriate group activities being carried out.  Coronavirus-related problems have also popped up in kids’ summer camps, again raising red flags.

Let us not forget that while kids are considered generally less likely to have serious symptoms when they’re infected, they can in turn transmit the coronavirus within the community at large. In some cases, transmission can occur with respect to vulnerable populations, whether at home or within the community. Given the science to date and resulting studies, Americans should pause about opening schools until the overall number of community cases begin to decline and the so-called curve is flattened. More resources have to be provided urgently to implement the necessary precautions and health-care, particularly in poorer school districts. Yes, it is certainly desirable from a mental health and socialization perspective to have children back in schools. However, community leaders should understand that they are potentially talking about putting children in unsafe situations.

Coronavirus Education in U.S. US

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Aug 2

Ethics Scandal Hits Prime Minister of Canada Once Again — So What!

by bcurry

Prime Minister Justin Trudeau is in the headlines once again for a situation involving a potential conflict of interest. This time it has to do with a proposed contract to a supposedly non-profit organization called the WE Charity Foundation, run by two brothers: Craig and Marc Kielburger. The federal government initially awarded a sole-sourced contract for $19.5 million to WE Charity to administer a $912-million student grant program— meaning no requests for bids.  Post-secondary students could volunteer up to 500 hours to receive a grant up to $5,000 under the proposed new Canada Student Service Grant (CSSG). The problem is that the PM’s family has close ties to WE Charity with his wife Sophie Grégoire Trudeau hosting a podcast called WE Well-being.  Both Justin Trudeau and his wife have spoken at WE Days, as have the PM’s mother, Margaret Trudeau, and his brother, Alexandre Trudeau.  It was uncovered that Margaret Trudeau had been paid $250,000 for 28 appearances and Alexandre Trudeau had been paid $32,000 for eight appearances.  When the matter of awarding the contract for the CSSG came before Cabinet, neither Trudeau nor his Finance Minister Bill Morneau, whose family also had ties to the WE Charity, recused themselves from discussions about the contract.  A big mistake for which the PM has now often apologized even before Parliament, the House’s Finance Committee and Canadians in general.  Moreover, the CSSG contract to the WE Charity was withdrawn by the government as a result.

What makes matters worse is the fact that this is the third time that the PM’s actions have been investigated by the Ethics Commissioner. In the previous two cases, Trudeau was found to have broken federal ethics rules.  Neither decision was sufficient to force the PM to resign and install an acting PM.  Given that the opposition parties really don’t want to bring down the government at this time, in light of the pandemic and everything else, it is highly unlikely that Trudeau will resign and call an election.  This despite the fact that he has a minority government and requires opposition support to govern.  However, such scandals can eventually influence the electorate as people may not be ready to forgive the PM for his latest transgression.

Of course, the media loves such scandals and continue to uncover certain dirt with respect to the WE Charity itself, accusing Craig and Marc Kielburger of financially benefiting from the foundation, especially in its real estate holdings. As a result, the foundation is itself under close scrutiny for significant real estate holdings that received charitable status last year, the firing of half its workforce and the resignation of several Board of Directors members; including the former Chair, Michelle Douglas.  Indeed, it appears that new information about WE financial irregularities preceding the scandal had come to light of which the Prime Minister’s Office should have been aware.

What does all this mean? The PM’s popularity rating had risen due to the federal government’s fairly good handling and coordination of national policies and programs in response to the coronavirus pandemic.  However, recent polls show a slight decline in his popularity, but not enough to force Trudeau to resign or to dissolve Parliament.  No one, including the official opposition Conservatives, wants an election at this time or in the near future.  While any so-called scandal currently makes for good press and suggests incompetence, over time it usually dies out unless more serious revelations about political improprieties come to light.   There may be a shake-up in Cabinet such as moving the Finance Minister to another portfolio, but that’s about all.  In the meantime, the government must keep on governing in response to the pandemic, which in my view and that of most Canadians should be its priority.  The nation and the economy need a steady hand at the helm, even if it may be shaking right now.

Canada COVID-19 Justin Trudeau Political Scandals Uncategorized

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Jul 28

Don’t Complain About Federal Workers During This Pandemic

by bcurry

There has been no other time in history, except perhaps during the World War II, that the general public has had to rely so heavily on government services in both Canada and the U.S.  Yet, there are still people who will complain about public servants who are either working or off work due to COVID-19 and are continuing to receive their pay cheques.  However, reports are now coming out concerning the coronavirus risks associated with public sector employees providing front line services.  One recent Washington Post article noted that to date about 4,000 federal employees reported that they contracted the coronavirus at work — and 60 have died. The article refers to the work in particular of the Homeland Security, Justice, the U.S. Postal Service, the Bureau of Prisons, the Defence Department and Veterans Affairs. It also specified that Customs and Border Protection had a total of 1,590 cases among its 60,000 employees and eight deaths, while the 64,000-employee Transportation Security Administration recorded 1,315 cases and six deaths.

In Canada, with naturally a much smaller federal government work force (about 380,000), there were 455 reported cases of coronavirus disease as of July 22, 2020. Many of the reported cases can be attributed to front-line work in federal agencies such as the Canada Border Services Agency, the Correctional Service of Canada, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, the Canadian Food Inspection Agency and the Canadian Transportation Agency. The numbers do not include the activities of Canada Post which is a separate crown corporation.  It appears that no deaths were attributed as a result of these reported cases.  With the gradual reopening of Service Canada Centres which provide the public with access to specific federal programs, the number of coronavirus-related cases could very well increase among federal workers, even with the additional precautions put in place.

In both countries, some federal employees were in a position to work from home following the closure of various federal offices and outlet services. In Canada, this is particularly true for certain key agencies such as the Revenue Canada Agency and Employment and Social Development Canada which provide pandemic-related assistance to the unemployed and businesses affected by the pandemic lockdown. In some cases, federal employees — roughly about one in four workers —were unable for various justifiable reasons to do their work from home or had family circumstances preventing them from doing their normal jobs. For this reason, the federal government offered them ‘extended paid leave’ which amounted to $439 million in the first eleven weeks of the COVID-19 pandemic. As usual, there has been some public outcry from bodies such as right-wing Canadian Taxpayers Federation.

What those complaining forget is that in Canada, for example, seventy-five percent of federal public servants are still working in front-line operations or at home to provide much needed services to Canadians. As in the U.S., many government workers are actually placing themselves in situations where exposure to COVID-19 is a real risk. They are found in law enforcement, in food inspection, the postal service, at the borders, at airports and ports, in veterans’ hospitals/care facilities, and in the provision of consulate services to citizens abroad.  Interestingly, in both countries, concerns have been raised over the growing recalls of government employees from telework or leave even as infections and deaths are spiking in some regions.

It’s time that federal government workers be recognized for the many essential front-line services that they are providing during this pandemic, often at personal risks to their safety and health.

Uncategorized

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Jul 23

Trump’s ‘Law and Order’ Gamble Gone Very Wrong

by bcurry

Imagine living in an urban setting and witnessing people being dragged off the streets and driven away by uniformed agents who can’t be identified. Almost sounds like Nazi Germany or today’s communist China. Well, this is what recently happened in Portland, Oregon, where federal agents, including several from Homeland Security, were employed in a kind of protest crackdown. Next, President Trump, joined by Attorney General William Barr, announced a plan to send federal agents to the Democratic-run cities of Chicago and Albuquerque to crack down on violent crime. All of this grand gesture appears to be part of an escalation of his “law and order” theme heading into the final months before the presidential election.  How convenient!

Chicago Mayor Lori Lightfoot for one rejected the use of federal agents for the kind of protest crackdown seen in Portland, saying such actions were deemed unconstitutional, an infringement on peoples’ liberties and would be met with legal action. Like other mayors around the country, she does not want to see authoritarian, unnecessary and unaccountable military-style ‘crackdowns.  Instead, as in the past, local police forces are quite willing to have the help of the federal law enforcement agencies, such as the FBI, to work alongside them when needed in resolving outstanding criminal cases, including homicides.  Unlike the national guard units in each state, most federal law enforcement agents are not adequately trained and equipped to deal with protesters as witnessed in Portland. Even the use of the national guard is seen as a last resort under certain conditions.

One has to ask, with everything going on in the U.S. including a pandemic and protests against police shootings of unarmed civilians, why the President would launch such an far-fetched initiative at this time?  In two words: ‘political tactics’.  Trump is down in the polls by double-digit numbers in his bid to be re-elected.  Extreme desperation has set in, especially now that the on-going battle against the coronavirus is in wretched straits.  As for the President’s actions, let us remember what Lord Acton once declared: “Power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely.”  He also stated: “Liberty is not a means to a higher political end. It is itself the highest political end.”

Donald Trump Presidential Election 2020 US US Politics

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Jul 19

To Go to School or Not to Go?

by bcurry

As we approach the beginning of another school year, there are still a lot of questions about the health and safety of staff and students during the pandemic. At this time the pros and cons are pretty evenly divided.  There are those who want to delay the return and continue home schooling.  There are those, possibly a majority of parents, who want their children to attend school five days a week.  Then there are those who support a modified school week, perhaps with students going two days a week, and doing on-line learning during the other two days.  Schools would do deep cleaning during the fifth day.  Transportation to and from the schools will have to be reviewed and restrictions implemented to protect school-bus drivers and commuting students alike.

Then one has the psychologists who believe that children should return to full school weeks with the applicable safety measures in place in the classroom and on the school grounds. This would include physical distancing (e.g. desks 6 feet apart) and teachers wearing personal protective equipment (e.g. masks, gloves, hand sanitizers).  The psychologists argue that being in school will improve a child’s mental health and socialization.  Educators also now believe that on-learning learning is no substitute for classroom instruction, as demonstrated by their experience during the last few months.

Next, we have the working parents who want to return to work and have no child-care alternatives available, particularly in light of the cost and lack of appropriate child-care nationally. If any further reopening of the economy is to effectively proceed, working parents need to have their children in school for five days at least.  In addition, children with special needs have greatly been affected by the lost of in-school services and learning assistance.  Most parents cannot afford to provide private assistance to children with learning disabilities.

Finally, there are the concerns of associations representing teachers and staff in the schools. All are concerned that sufficient health and safety measure will be in place, including much needed PPE and physical distancing measures. In order to implement such measures effectively, some teachers’ unions are proposing that additional teachers and staff be hired.  Those teachers with underlying health issues may even refuse to return to school, despite applicable preventative measures being implemented.  This reluctance is especially understandable if the coronavirus infection rates do not level off as was hoped by public health officials.

There is little time left for school authorities to decide one way or another about reopening the schools. Pressures are emerging from everywhere and the issues are complicated, especially in anticipation of a potential second wave of COVID-19 in the fall.  Local, county, state and provincial school authorities will soon have to disclose their final decisions in order to allow parents and students to prepare for the reopening.  Simply stating that schools should be reopened is not enough!

Canada Coronavirus COVID-19 Education Education in U.S. US

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Jul 15

What’s the Priority – Reopening Bars or Preventing the Spread of COVID-19?

by bcurry

The city of Montreal was and continues to be a hotspot when it comes to the number of confirmed COVID-19 cases in Canada. Nevertheless, Quebec provincial officials decided to go ahead and allow the reopening of bars in the Montreal area. Well, needless-to-say, the result was reports of possible serious outbreaks at a handful of bars in the Montreal area. So serious that public health officials called on thousands of young adults to get checked out if they’ve been to a Montreal area bar in the past month. Of course, with the increase in testing, officials found more cases of coronavirus among bar employees and patrons — this despite inadequate testing capacity in Montreal. What does the province do? It doesn’t shut them down. Instead, the province announced new regulations for bars, including earlier closing times and decreased capacity. In addition, bars are included in Quebec’s mandatory mask regulations which go into effect only on July 18th.

So let’s look at the U.S. where the numbers of confirmed COVID-19 cases are skyrocketing particularly in the southern states where bars remained open for sometime, most notably in Florida and Texas. In addition, both states are especially seeing cases skyrocketing among young people.  Some healthcare professionals have called crowded indoor bar scenes across the country the perfect breeding grounds for the virus. After all, despite putting in place some preventative measures, it is still quite difficult to have people maintain physical distancing when a good deal of alcohol is being consumed. As a result and in light of an obvious emergency, state authorities had no choice but to close indoor bars and nightclubs for a second time across Florida and Texas.

This brings us back to the initial question as to whether reopening bars and nightclubs is a priority versus taking all necessary measures to prevent the spread of COVID-19? It would appear that the answer is a no-brainer.  Not only can the patrons and employees become more readily infected, many of those who are young can suffer serious health consequences.  Just ask the Italian health experts who now have warned that the virus is a systemic infection that affects all the organs of the body — not, as was previously thought, just a respiratory disease. Increasingly, younger people are being hospitalized in Canada and the U.S. as a result of the virus. Italian studies have identified psychosis, insomnia, kidney disease, spinal infections, strokes, chronic tiredness and mobility issues in former coronavirus patients, even some who were asymptomatic. The doctors further warn that some victims may never recover from the illness and that all age groups are vulnerable. The warnings come amid growing concerns in northern Italy that a second wave of the virus could be imminent.

Can bars and nightclubs be considered as essential services when compared to grocery stores and pharmacies? In order to make the reopening of businesses as safe as possible, the authorities are going to have to make some tough but necessary decisions as to which businesses should remain open or reopen taking into consideration the rate of confirmed cases and hospitalizations. Priorities have to be set based on the health and safety concerns for the general population, which in itself has important economic consequences. In my opinion, keeping bars and nightclubs in business should be the least of our concerns and should be reflected in current and future state or provincial policies.

Canada Coronavirus COVID-19 US

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